From Coast to Inland Moats: The Maritime Archaeological Landscape and Settlement Patterns of the Western Lower Central Plain in the Late First Millennium CE

2nd Regional Office of Fine Arts: Suphanburi. (2015). Preliminary survey report: The Bueng Kum Boat. (In Thai)

Adams, J. (2013). A maritime archaeology of ships: Innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe. England: Oxbow Books.

Boonyanit, N. (2015). Report of Bung Kum Shipwreck, Nakorn Prathom Province. (In Thai)

Chaimanee, N. (2014). The geological surveys of the location of Phanom-Surin Shipwreck, Samut Sakhon Province: The academic report volume No. 15/2014. (In Thai)

Chao Phraya Thipakornwongsa. (1934). Royal annals of Rattanakosin King Rama 4th 2394-2411 BE, Chao Phraya Tipakornwongsa. Phrachan. (In Thai)

Cœdès, G. (1975). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. Acton: Australian National University Press.

Depimai, A. (2025). The development of ancient settlement in the Lower Mae Khlong River prior to 14th century. (In Thai with English title)

Fine Arts Department. (1991). Ratchaburi. Ratchaburi National Museum, Fine Arts Department. (In Thai)

Fine Arts Department. (2026). Special exhibition: “Don Yai Thong: The Genesis of Phetchaburi Civilisation”. Fine Arts Department. Retrieved from https://www.finearts.go.th/promotion/view/65732- (In Thai)

Gibson-Hill, C. A. (1952). Further notes on the old boat found at Pontian, in Southern Pahang. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 25(1 (158)), 111-133. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41502937

Hutangkura, T. (2014). A new interpretation of the boundary of Dvaravati Shoreline on the lower central plain. Damrong Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology, 13(1), 11-44. (In Thai with English abstract)

Jumprom, P. (2019). Recovery of a lost Arab-styled Ship at Phanom-Surin, the wetland excavation site in central Thailand. In A. Srisuchat and W. Giessler (Eds.), Ancient maritime cross-cultural exchanges archaeological research in Thailand (1st ed., pp. 226-247). Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture, Thailand.

Kachachiva, J. (2008). New data from excavation at “Keed Kin”—An ancient town in Saraburi Province. Damrong Journal, 7(1), 58-76. (In Thai with English abstract)

Khaokhiew, C. (2018). Paleo-shoreline, port polity, trade routes and its connectivity to early settlement in Thailand in the context of Suvanabhumi. (English with English title)

Khaokhiew, C., & Suphachanya, T. (2005). Geoarchaeology of Lower Chao Praya Plain: Preliminary study from remote sensing. Damrong Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology Silpakorn University, 4(2).

Khawnuna, P. (2014). Cultural development of the ancient communities in Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province (Master of Arts in Historical Archaeology, Silpakorn University, 2014). (In Thai with English abstract)

Khunsong, S. (2014). Bōrānnakhadī mư̄ang Nakhō̜n Pathom: Kānsưksā ʻadīt khō̜ng sūnklāng hǣng Thawārawadī (1st ed.). Silpakorn University. (In Thai)

Khunsong, S. (2015). Dvaravati: A gate to trade of the Maritime Silk Road (1st ed.). Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University. (In Thai)

Kimura, J. (2022). Archaeological evidence of shipping and shipbuilding along the Maritime Silk Road. In F. Billé, S. Mehendale, and J. W. Lankton (Eds.), The Maritime Silk Road: Global connectivities, regional nodes, localities (pp. 97-127). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463722247_ch04

Lacsina, L. (2015). The Butuan Boats of the Philippines: Southeast Asian edge-joined and lashed-lug watercraft. Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 39, 126-132.

Lacsina, L. (2016). Examining pre-colonial southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques. Flinders.

Liebner, H. H. (2014). The Siren of Cirebon: A tenth-century trading vessel lost in the Java Sea (Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 2014).

Manguin, P.-Y. (1980). The Southeast Asian ship: An historical approach. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 11(2), 266-276.

Manguin, P.-Y. (1993). Trading ships of the south china sea shipbuilding techniques and their role in the history of the Asian trade networks. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 36(3), 253-280. Retrieved from https://about.jstor.org/terms

Manguin, P.-Y. (2009). The boat remains of Punjulharjo: A preliminary report.

Manguin, P. Y. (2019). Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: The stitched-plank and lashed-lug tradition. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 48(2), 400-415. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12367

Manguin, P.-Y. (2021). The assembly of hulls in Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions: From lashings to treenails. Archaeonautica, 21(21), 137-140. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4000/archaeonautica.2397

McGrail, S. (2001). Boats of the world. Oxford University Press.

Mochtar, A. (2018). The seventh-century Punjulharjo boat from Indonesia: A study of the early southeast Asian lashed-lug boatbuilding tradition (Master thesis, Flinders University, 2018). Retrieved from https://flex.flinders.edu.au/file/5b8a6d45-1c8d-4a10-9647-e24526ef1714/1/ThesisMochtar2018.pdf

Noriko, N., Nogami, T., Lien, L. T., Aoyama, T., & Kimura, J. (2014). Nishimura project: The oldest shipwreck found in Vietnam: Testimony to the maritime ceramic route. Proceedings of the Underwater Archaeology in Vietnam and Southeast Asia: Cooperation for Development.

Parnfak, W. (1997). Preliminary survey report of Koh Khwang Shipwreck, Chanthaburi. Unpublished internal report, Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department, Thailand.

Piromrak, N. (2020). Khlong Thom shipwreck: Evidence of early lashed-lug boat found in Thailand. Silpakorn Journal, 63(5), 31-42. Retrieved from www.finearts.go.th (In Thai with English abstract)

Ploymukda, S. (2016). The study of the site formation process and paleoenvironment of Phanom Surin Shipwreck the 9th century shipwreck in the gulf of Thailand (Master dissertation MA Maritime Archaeology, University of Southampton, 2016).

Ploymukda, S. (2022). Maritime culture transmission in the 9th century CE: The initial assumptions on shipbuilding technology from obtained information of the excavation of the Phanom-Surin Ancient Shipwreck Site. Silpakorn Journal, 65(2), 31-48. Retrieved from www.finearts.go.th (In Thai with English abstract)

Rahothan, W. (2026). Bueng Kum ancient boat. (In Thai)

Rahothan, W., & Vosmer, T. (2023). The early ninth-century “Ban Khlong Yuan” Lashed-Lug Boat of Chaiya, Peninsular Thailand: Comparisons, contrasts and capabilities. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage.

Rau, J. L., & Nutalaya, P. (1983). Geology of the Bangkok clay. Geol Soc, 16, 99-116.

Saraya, T. (1989). Sri Dvaravati: History of the early Siam. Muangboran. (In Thai)

Sirisup, S., Saengnil, N., & Tomkratoke, S. (2014). Simulation of estuarine hydrological characteristic: A case study of the Lower Chao Praya River. Research and Development Journal, 25(1). (In Thai with English abstract)

Somboon, J. R. P. (1988). Paleontological study of the recent marine sediments in the lower central plain, Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 2, 201-210.

Somboon, J. R. P., & Thiramongkol, N. (1992). Holocene highstand shoreline of the Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 7(1), 53-60. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(92)90014-3

Takaya, Y. (1969). Topographical analysis of the southern basin of the central plain, Thailand. Tonan Ajia Kenkyu (The Southeast Asian Studies), 7(3), 293-300.

Takaya, Y. (1972). Quaternary outcrops of the southern part of the central plain of Thailand. The Southeast Asian Studies, 10(2), 298-320. Retrieved from https://doi.org/http://hdl.handle.net/2433/55702

Tanabe, S., Saito, Y., Sato, Y., Suzuki, Y., Sinsakul, S., Tiyapairach, S., & Chaimanee, N. (2003). Stratigraphy and holocene evolution of the mud-dominated Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(8-9), 789-807. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00242-1

Underwater Archaeology Division. (2023). A piece of evidence: Fragments of the Ban Khom Boat, Mueang District, Samut Sakhon Province. Retrieved from https://www.finearts.go.th/archaeunderwater/view/47093 (In Thai)

Vallibhotama, S. (2020). Khubua Khue Chi Tho (Ku Bua is Chih-tu). Muang Boran Journal, 46(3), 39-44. (In Thai)

Vosmer, T., Belfioretti, L., Staples, E., & Ghidoni, A. (2011). The “Jewel of Muscat” Project: Reconstructing an early ninth-century CE shipwreck (Vol. 41). Retrieved from https://about.jstor.org/terms

Wanasin, P., & Suphachanya, T. (1982). Report on ratchadaphiseksomphot: Ancient cities that located on the paleo coastal in lower central plain, Thailand: The study of locations and geography (1st ed.). Chulalongkorn University. (In Thai)

Wicks, R. S. (1992). Money, market, and trade in early southeast Asia: The development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400 (2nd ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhjzp

Wongnoi, P., Sudsawad, D., Suwannimit, S., & Muangkhum, S. (1998). Bankhom Shipwreck. (In Thai)